Phantom Limbs: Sensations When There Should be None Essay -- Biology E

Phantom Limbs: Sensations When There Should be None The phenomenon known as the phantom limb occurs in 95-100% of amputees. It can occur soon after amputation or occur years later. It is when patients feel sensations where the arm or leg used to be as if it were still there. These sensations can be either non-painful sensations or painful sensations, which are called phantom limb pain. These non-painful sensations are described as similar feels as if the limb were there such as warmth, tingling, itching, and movement. Phantom limb pain is described as stabbing, cramping, burning and shooting pain. Non-painful sensations usually occur soon after amputation and continue throughout life. It has been found that the strongest sites for phantom limbs are the thumb and index finger. Sometimes the knees or elbow are felt but rarely are the forearm, lower leg, upper thigh, and upper arm felt. (1). It has been found that it is not necessary to have had an amputation to experience the phantom limb phenomenon. It has been reported that after avulsion of the brachial plexus of the arm, even though no injury to the arm itself occurred, that there is extreme pain felt in the arm. For surgery, patients that receive an anesthetic block of the brachial plexus experience phantom arm. It also occurs in the legs when there is an anesthetic block of the lower body, and when there is a block of the spinal cord at the thoracic level, patients have experience phantom body. (2). Not only can one experience phantom limb due to an anesthetic block, but it has been reported that people born without limbs also experience it as well. Ronald Melzack, psychologist from McGill University in Montreal found that children born without arms or legs experi... ...uses these fibers to be excited which activates the primary afferent fibers which then discharges. These discharges ultimately cause the phantom sensations. Non-cortical theory believes that spontaneous activity at the edge of the amputation causes phantom limbs. (1). There is still a debate going on as to why phantom limbs occur. Only through further study of the nervous system can we hope to fully understand and hopefully one day stop its occurrence. Until then, we can only try to find ways to ease the pain of amputees, paraplegics and people who were born without limbs. References 1) http://hcs.harvard.edu/~husn/BRAIN/vol6/p21-25-PhantomLimbs.pdf 2) http://cognet.mit.edu/MITECS/Entry/melzack 3) http://www.findarticles.com/cf_0/m1511/n2_v19/20159526/p1/article.jhtml 4) http://www.sciencenet.org.uk/slup/CuttingEdge/Jun00/phantom.html

Production †Establishing a Business Essay

This School Based Assessment is based on a business plan for Otaku Cafe. It is written with the intent to learn what it takes to start a business and to have something to use as a proposal to address potential investors and show the feasibility of the business. Business Description Otaku Cafe will be a cafe where people can come and read and write while enjoying sweet treats and coffee. It will be a sole trader business that sells sweets and beverages made right in the shop, fresh every day. The main objectives of this business will be to make 100% profit and to eventually open other branches all the while satisfying customers and bringing together people who have similar interests and reawakening people’s interest in books. Justification of Location The cafe’s location will be in Heritage Quay on the board walk. This is the chosen location because of the flow of customers who pass through due to the other businesses in the area and the tourists that come from the cruise ship. This location is in town but away from the traffic congestion; roads, water and electricity will also be easily accessible from the location. Also it is near the port, making it easier to get stocks from overseas. The lack of competitor cafes and the ready supply of possible labour from the surrounding area make this an optimum location. Selection of Appropriate Labour Skilled Employees Barista – At least 2 will be necessary. They will be responsible for the making of quality beverages, handling the customers Assistant baker – At least 3 will be needed. The assistant baker will be responsible for cleaning baking equipment and preparing and organising products in preparation for the baker Waiter / Waitress – At least 4 will be necessary. They will be responsible for taking customer orders and delivering them their meals and beverages in a timely manner, delivering the bill to customers and clearing dirty wares from the tables. Sources of fixed and working capital The business premises, vehicles such as vans that may be used for transport of the product and raw materials, computers that are used, machinery such as ovens, coffee machines, heated display cases, freezers, are fixed capital, all which will be essential to the business but can be used to gain funds through their sale though they most likely would not be sold as they would be vital to the running of the business. Working capital will be gained first through small business loans from a commercial bank and will later be created through the money made from the sales of the cafe’s goods as working capital is the variable types of capitol made throughout the course of the business that can be readily converted into monetary funds. Roles of the Entrepreneur Creating and setting the concept the business will be bases on Providing funding for the business Planning for the establishment of the business Organize resources for business operation Type of Production The business will be involved in the production of the service of providing food and goods to customers as well as an entertaining experience at the cafe. Level of Production Production in the business will be on a domestic level, only producing for the local market as it is a more plausible level of production and more fiscally sound. Quality Control Measures Quality control within the business will be maintained through the strict adherence to recipes set for products, the hiring of mostly skilled workers and regular quality checks so as to ensure output of only optimum products and services to the customers. Use of technology Technology used in the business Internet Point of Sales system Accounting software (QuickBooks) Linkages The business will be involved in linkages with wholesale suppliers or producers of coffee, tea and other such beverages as well as suppliers or producers of fruits or fruit jams such as local farmers, producers of flour, dairy products and other suck materials needed to produce the goods of the cafe, to create an economic flow locally and to increase possible output and profit. Potential for Growth Growth within the business will be expected and hopefully the business will have to eventually move to a larger location, purchase more equipment to keep up with product demand and if possible, maybe even open other branches across the island. Government Regulations As a business earning money it will be required to be registered and pay taxes such as corporate taxes which are 2% of profits, custom tariffs, licence for importations and applying for work permits for any non-national employees and fulfilling payments of Social Security and Medical Benefits for employees. Ethical Issues Ethical issues such as the prompt payment of taxes, the correct labelling and advertising of products and the sales of quality goods instead of substandard or shoddy goods are all ethical standards that will be upheld by the business.

The Emancipation Proclamation Was Issued By President...

The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863. Lincoln issued this document during the American Civil War. A massive percentage of people believe it was issued solely to end slavery. However, abolishing slavery was never a main goal of the Emancipation Proclamation. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued to gain troops for the union army while destroying the Confederacy’s economy and to prevent foreign nations like England and France from becoming allies with the confederacy. Abraham Lincoln was elected as the sixteenth president of the united states in 1860. This made the southern state furious. They knew that Lincoln was against slavery and they were very fearful that he would change their entire lifestyle by abolishing slavery. He once said: â€Å"I am naturally anti-slavery, if slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong.† This caused many southern states to secede one by one. The first state to secede was South Carolina. South Carol ina was so angry by the election that they seceded before Lincoln even went into office. Then in 1861, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas all succeeded. A total of eleven states. Eventually they formed the Confederate States of America. They wanted to be recognized as an independent nation but Lincoln refused to recognize them as an independent nation. This caused a war to break out. The Civil War took place from April 12th, 1861 - May 9th, 1865. It was a brutal and bloody war. ItShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1614 Words   |  7 PagesPolitical Science 1100 Dr. Michael Petersen Abraham Lincoln I chose to do my research project on one of our presidents and the president I chose is Abraham Lincoln. I chose to do it on Lincoln because in my eyes and in the eyes of many other people, he was our nation s greatest president. 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